A dash across the prairie today, continuing on our journey to Milwaukee. The morning was fairly uneventful - apart from me almost exiting the motorway by accident and having to cut back through the bollard while Burt in the van held back the traffic.
Lunch at a Harley dealership with lost more riders converging for the big event in Milwaukee in a couple of days' time.
Rode on through the humid afternoon and reached our hotel in Lacrosse by 3 pm. 'Any relation to the game of the same name I hear you ask?' - well maybe because, according to Wikipedia:
'Lacrosse has its origins in a tribal game played by eastern Woodlands Native Americans and by some Plains Indians tribes in what is now the United States of America and Canada. The game was extensively modified by European colonisers to North America to create its current collegiate and professional form'
- not a lot of people know that !
Given the Custer references earlier and the various reservations along our route, for those interested some notes on the North American Indians follow:
Plains Indians or Indigenous people of the Great Plains and
Canadian Prairies are the Native American tribes and First Nation band
governments who have traditionally lived on the Great Plains and the Canadian
Prairies. Their historic nomadic culture and development of equestrian culture
and resistance to domination by the government and military forces of Canada
and the United States have made the Plains Indian culture groups an archetype
in literature and art for American Indians everywhere.
Plains Indians are usually divided into two broad
classifications which overlap to some degree. The first group became a fully
nomadic horse culture during the 18th and 19th centuries, following the vast
herds of buffalo, although some tribes occasionally engaged in agriculture. The
nomadic tribes historically survived on hunting and gathering, and the American
Bison was one primary resource for items which people used for everyday life,
including food, cups, decorations, crafting tools, knives, and clothing. The tribes followed the seasonal grazing and
migration of buffalo. The Plains Indians lived in teepees because they were
easily disassembled and allowed the nomadic life of following game. When horses
were obtained, the Plains tribes rapidly integrated them into their daily
lives. People in the southwest began to acquire horses in the 16th century by
trading or stealing them from Spanish colonists in New Mexico. As horse culture
moved northward, the Comanche were among the first to commit to a fully mounted
nomadic lifestyle. This occurred by the 1730s, when they had acquired enough
horses to put all their people on horseback.
By the 19th century, the typical year of the Lakota and
other northern nomads was a communal buffalo hunt as early in spring as their
horses had recovered from the rigors of the winter. In June and July the
scattered bands of the tribes gathered together into large encampments, which
included ceremonies such as the Sun Dance. These gatherings afforded leaders to
meet to make political decisions, plan movements, arbitrate disputes, and
organize and launch raiding expeditions or war parties. In the fall, people
would split up into smaller bands to facilitate hunting to procure meat for the
long winter. Between the fall hunt and the onset of winter was a time when
Lakota warriors could undertake raiding and warfare. With the coming of winter
snows, the Lakota settled into winter camps, where activities of the season
ceremonies and dances as well as trying to ensure adequate winter feed for
their horses.
Pueblo Indians learned about horses by working for Spanish
colonists. The Spanish attempted to keep knowledge of riding away from Native
people, but nonetheless, they learned and some fled their servitude to their
Spanish employers—and took horses with them. Some horses were obtained through
trade in spite of prohibitions against it. Other horses escaped captivity for a
feral existence and were captured by Native people. In all cases the horse was
adopted into their culture and herds multiplied. By 1659, the Navajo from
northwestern New Mexico were raiding the Spanish colonies to steal horses. By
1664, the Apache were trading captives from other tribes to the Spanish for
horses. The real beginning of the horse culture of the plains began with the
expulsion of the Spanish from New Mexico in 1680 when the victorious Pueblo
people captured thousands of horses and other livestock. They traded many
horses north to the Plains Indians. The French explorer Claude Charles Du Tisne
found 300 horses among the Wichita on the Verdigris River in 1719, but they
were still not plentiful. Another Frenchman, Bourgmont, could only buy seven at
a high price from the Kaw in 1724, indicating that horses were still scarce
among tribes in Kansas. While the distribution of horses proceeded slowly
northward on the Great Plains, it moved more rapidly through the Rocky
Mountains and the Great Basin. The Shoshone in Wyoming had horses by about 1700
and the Blackfoot people, the most northerly of the large Plains tribes,
acquired horses in the 1730s.
By 1770, that Plains Indians culture was mature, consisting
of mounted buffalo-hunting nomads from Saskatchewan and Alberta southward
nearly to the Rio Grande. Soon afterwards pressure from Europeans on all sides
and European diseases caused its decline.
Before their adoption of guns, the Plains Indians hunted
with spears, bows, and various forms of clubs. The use of horses by the Plains
Indians made hunting (and warfare) much easier. With horses, the Plains Indians
had the means and speed to stampede or overtake the bison. The Plains Indians
reduced the length of their bows to three feet to accommodate their use on
horseback. They continued to use bows and arrows after the introduction of
firearms, because guns took too long to reload and were too heavy. In the
summer, many tribes gathered for hunting in one place. The main hunting seasons
were fall, summer, and spring. In winter harsh snow and mighty blizzards made
it more difficult to locate and hunt bison.
There were U.S. government initiatives at the federal and
local level to starve the population of the Plains Indians by killing off their
main food source, the bison. Bison were hunted by market hunting almost to
extinction in the 19th century and were reduced to a few hundred by the early
1900s. They were slaughtered for their skins, with the rest of the animal left
behind to decay on the ground. After the animals rotted, their bones were
collected and shipped back east in large quantities. The Government promoted
bison hunting for various reasons: to allow ranchers to range their cattle
without competition from other bovines and to weaken the Plains Indian
population and pressure them to remain on reservations. The herds formed the
basis of the economies of the Plains tribes. Without bison, the people were
forced to move onto reservations or starve.
The railroad industry also wanted bison herds culled or
eliminated. Herds of bison on tracks could damage locomotives when the trains
failed to stop in time. Herds often took shelter in the artificial cuts formed
by the grade of the track winding through hills and mountains in harsh winter
conditions. As the great herds began to wane, proposals to protect the bison
were discussed. In 1874, President Ulysses S. Grant "pocket vetoed" a
Federal bill to protect the dwindling bison herds, and in 1875 General Philip
Sheridan pleaded to a joint session of Congress to slaughter the herds, to
deprive the Plains Indians of their source of food.
The semi-sedentary, village-dwelling Plains Indians depended
upon agriculture for a large share of their livelihood, particularly those who
lived in the eastern parts of the Great Plains which had more precipitation
than the western side. Corn was the dominant crop, followed by squash and
beans. Tobacco, sunflower, plums and other wild plants were also cultivated or
gathered in the wild. Among the wild crops gathered the most important were
probably berries to flavour pemmican and the Prairie Turnip.
Three factors led to a growing importance of warfare in
Plains Indian culture. First, was the Spanish colonization of New Mexico which
stimulated raids and counter-raids by Spaniards and Indians for goods and
slaves. Second, was the contact of the Indians with French fur traders which
increased rivalry among Indian tribes to control trade and trade routes. Third,
was the acquisition of the horse and the greater mobility it afforded the
Plains Indians. What evolved among the Plains Indians from the 17th to the late
19th century was warfare as both a means of livelihood and a sport. Young men
gained both prestige and plunder by fighting as warriors, and this
individualistic style of warfare ensured that success in individual combat and
capturing trophies of war were highly esteemed.The Plains Indians raided each
other, the Spanish colonies, and, increasingly, the encroaching frontier of the
Anglos for horses, and other property. They acquired guns and other European
goods primarily by trade. Their principal trading products were buffalo hides
and beaver pelts. The most renowned of all the Plains Indians as warriors were
the Comanche whom The Economist noted in 2010: "They could loose a flock
of arrows while hanging off the side of a galloping horse, using the animal as
protection against return fire. The sight amazed and terrified their white (and
Indian) adversaries.
Due to their mobility, endurance, horsemanship, and
knowledge of the vast plains that were their domain, the Plains Indians were
often victors in their battles against the U.S. army in the American era from
1803 to about 1890. However, although Indians won many battles, they could not
undertake lengthy campaigns. Indian armies could only be assembled for brief
periods of time as warriors also had to hunt for food for their families. The
exception to that was raids into Mexico by the Comanche and their allies in
which the raiders often subsisted for months off the riches of Mexican
haciendas and settlements. The basic weapon of the Indian warrior was the short,
stout bow, designed for use on horseback and deadly, but only at short range.
Guns were usually in short supply and ammunition scarce for Native warriors.
